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<title>Chesapeake Bay Program</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chesapeake Bay Program</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Chesapeake Bay Program</b> is the regional partnership that directs and conducts the restoration of the <a href="Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> in the United States. As a partnership, the Chesapeake Bay Program brings together members of various state, federal, academic and local <a href="Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> organizations to build and adopt policies that support Chesapeake Bay restoration. By combining the resources and unique strengths of each individual organization, the Chesapeake Bay Program is able to follow a unified plan for restoration. The program office is located in <a href="Annapolis%2C_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> funded scientific and <a href="Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> research of the Chesapeake Bay, which pinpointed three areas that required immediate attention:

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<ul><li><a href="Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> <a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient over-enrichment</a></li>

<li>dwindling <a href="Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">underwater bay grasses</a>.</li></ul>

<p>The <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) released a report in September 1983, based on seven years of research on the bay. The report stated that the bay was an "ecosystem in decline" and cited numerous instances of declines in the populations of oysters, crabs, freshwater fish and other wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In December 1983 the <a href="Governor" title="Governor">governors</a> of <a href="Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>; the mayor of the <a href="District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>; and the EPA Administrator signed <i>The Chesapeake Bay Agreement of 1983.</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this act, the Chesapeake Bay Program Executive Council was formed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div>

<p>Since the signing of 1983 agreement, the Chesapeake Bay Program has adopted two additional agreements that provide overall guidance for Chesapeake Bay restoration:

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<ul><li>The <i>1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement</i> established the Chesapeake Bay Program's goal to reduce the amount of <a href="Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>—primarily <a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>—that enter the Chesapeake Bay by 40 percent by 2000. In 1992, the Chesapeake Bay Program partners agreed to continue the 40 percent reduction goal beyond 2000 and to attack nutrients at their source: upstream, in the Chesapeake Bay's <a href="Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In June 2000, the Chesapeake Bay Program adopted <i>Chesapeake 2000,</i> an agreement intended to guide restoration activities throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed through 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chesapeake 2000</i> also provided the opportunity for the adjoining states of <a href="Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to become more involved in the partnership. These headwater states now work with the Chesapeake Bay Program to reduce nutrients and <a href="Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> flowing into rivers from their jurisdictions. The renewed bay agreement was designed to guide restoration activities throughout the bay watershed through 2010. The members pledged to achieve over 100 specific actions all designed to restore the health of the bay. The agreement is organized into five categories, all dedicated to restoration and protection of different areas of the bay's health: living resources, vital habitat, water quality, sound land use, and stewardship and community engagement.

<ul><li>The living resource section of the agreement states the goal of "restore, enhance and protect, the <a href="Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">finfish</a>, <a href="Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, and other living resources, their habitats and ecological relationship to sustain all <a href="Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a> and provide for a balanced ecosystem." One of the specific goals for this is to help the <a href="Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">blue crab</a> population by establishing harvest targets and begin implementing state fisheries management strategies and to manage the blue crab fishery to restore a healthy, size, age structure and <a href="Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>. This section also touches on multi-species management, a tenfold increase in the native <a href="Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> population, as well as resident and migratory fish passage.</li>

<li>The vital habitat protection and restoration section aims to recommit to the existing goal of protecting 114,000 acres (460 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="Submerged_aquatic_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Submerged aquatic vegetation">submerged aquatic vegetation</a> which include specific levels of <a href="Turbidity" title="Turbidity">water clarity</a> to be met by 2010. It also touches on <a href="Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>, watershed, and forest preservation and <a href="Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">conservation easements</a>.</li>

<li>The water quality restoration and protection section states that the program plans on involving aid from <a href="Stormwater#Stormwater_management" title="Stormwater">stormwater management</a>, upgrading <a href="Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">wastewater treatment plants</a> to <a href="Sewage_treatment#Biological_nutrient_removal" title="Sewage treatment">biological nutrient removal</a>, upgrading managing sewage systems, and developing tributary strategies for each basin. It also states that by 2010, they want to correct the nutrient-relation problems associated with the bay and remove it from the <a href="Clean_Water_Act#Water_Quality_Standards_Program" title="Clean Water Act">list of impaired waters</a> under the <a href="Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>.</li>

<li>The sound <a href="Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> portion of the agreement talks about permanently preserving 20 percent of the watershed from <a href="Land_development" title="Land development">development</a> by 2010. Also, by 2002, each state will coordinate transportation policies to reduce the dependence on automobiles by encouraging travel alternatives such as biking and bus riding.</li>

<li>Lastly, the stewardship section states that by 2001, they want to provide information to enhance the ability of citizen and community groups to participate in bay restoration. Also beginning in 2005, the Chesapeake Bay Program wants to provide an outdoor experience of the bay for every student before they graduate high school in order to encourage knowledge and awareness of the bay’s problems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2></div>

<p>Since the creation of the program, Congress has provided annual appropriations, and the budgets of the Environmental Protection Agency and <a href="United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> have provided the majority of federal agency funds. Additional significant funding amounts from federal agencies have been provided by the Departments of <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a>, <a href="United_States_Department_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Interior">Interior</a> and <a href="United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a>. Funding has also been provided by the states of Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia; and the District of Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partners">Partners</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signatories_to_the_Chesapeake_Bay_Agreement">Signatories to the Chesapeake Bay Agreement</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Chesapeake_Bay_Commission" title="Chesapeake Bay Commission">Chesapeake Bay Commission</a> (legislative assembly representing Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania)</li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Commonwealth of Pennsylvania</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a></li>

<li><a href="District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Maryland" title="Maryland">State of Maryland</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headwater_State_Partners">Headwater State Partners</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a></li>

<li><a href="Delaware" title="Delaware">State of Delaware</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">State of West Virginia</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Agency_Partners">Federal Agency Partners</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050913221835/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/md/environment/cbeec.htm">Chesapeake Bay Environmental Enforcement Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Capital_Planning_Commission" title="National Capital Planning Commission">National Capital Planning Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._National_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Arboretum">U.S. National Arboretum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._General_Services_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. General Services Administration">U.S. General Services Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_Institution_Partners">Academic Institution Partners</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Academy_of_Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Natural Sciences">Academy of Natural Sciences</a></li>

<li>Chesapeake Research Consortium</li>

<li><a href="College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cce.cornell.edu">Cornell Cooperative Extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a></li>

<li><a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060709210155/http://ag.udel.edu/extension/">University of Delaware Cooperative Extension</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="University of the District of Columbia">University of the District of Columbia</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umces.edu">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Maryland%2C_Eastern_Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland, Eastern Shore">University of Maryland, Eastern Shore</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ext.vt.edu">Virginia Cooperative Extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_Partners">More Partners</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Alliance_for_the_Chesapeake_Bay" title="Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay">Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Forests" title="American Forests">American Forests</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anacostiaws.org">Anacostia Watershed Society</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129212944/http://chesapeakecommunities.org/">Center for Chesapeake Communities</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwp.org">Center for Watershed Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Chesapeake_Bay_Foundation" title="Chesapeake Bay Foundation">Chesapeake Bay Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chesapeake_Bay_Trust" title="Chesapeake Bay Trust">Chesapeake Bay Trust</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciesin.org">Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609182920/http://ecosystemsolutions.org/">Ecosystem Solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="International_City/County_Management_Association" title="International City/County Management Association">International City/County Management Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potomacriver.org">Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Izaak_Walton_League" title="Izaak Walton League">Izaak Walton League</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowimpactdevelopment.org">Low Impact Development Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolitan_Washington_Council_of_Governments" title="Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments">Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments</a></li>

<li><a href="Montgomery_County%2C_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907213943/http://montgomerycountymd.gov/content/dep/index.asp">Department of Environmental Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Fish_and_Wildlife_Foundation" title="National Fish and Wildlife Foundation">National Fish and Wildlife Foundation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potomac.org">Potomac Conservancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Susquehanna_River_Basin_Commission" title="Susquehanna River Basin Commission">Susquehanna River Basin Commission</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-c.org">Upper Susquehanna Coalition</a></li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chesapeake_Bay_Program" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Chesapeake Bay Program">Chesapeake Bay Program</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Clagett_Farm" title="Clagett Farm">Clagett Farm</a> - Project of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000VS94.txt">Chesapeake Bay Program: Findings and Recommendations</a> (Report). Philadelphia, PA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). September 1983. EPA 903/R-83/008.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1983" class="citation news cs1">Franklin, Ben A. (1983-09-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/27/us/chesapeake-bay-study-citing-pollution-threats.html">"Chesapeake Bay Study Citing Pollution Threats"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A24.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP), Annapolis, MD (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesapeakebay.net/content/publications/cbp_12512.pdf">"1983 Chesapeake Bay Agreement."</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBP (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesapeakebay.net/content/publications/cbp_12510.pdf">"1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement."</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBP (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesapeakebay.net/content/publications/cbp_12081.pdf">"Chesapeake 2000."</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnrweb.dnr.state.md.us/bay/res_protect/c2k/index.asp">"Chesapeake 2000: The Renewed Bay Agreement."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040218205210/http://dnrweb.dnr.state.md.us/bay/res_protect/c2k/index.asp">Archived</a> 2004-02-18 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2011-07-31.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chesapeakeprogress.com/files/2018_chesapeake_bay_crosscut.pdf">Chesapeake Bay Restoration Spending Crosscut; Report to Congress</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Management and Budget. September 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesapeakeprogress.com/?/funding">"Funding"</a>. Chesapeake Bay Program<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesapeakebay.net">Chesapeake Bay Program</a> - official site</li></ul>

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